The short answer: a vaginal yeast infection, also called thrush or candidiasis, is a very common infection caused by an overgrowth of a fungus called candida. It usually causes itching, soreness and thick white discharge. It isn't a sexually transmitted infection, it's easy to treat with antifungal medicine, and simple habits help stop it coming back.
Symptoms
- Itching and irritation around the vulva and vagina
- Thick, white discharge that looks like cottage cheese and usually doesn't smell
- Soreness, redness or swelling
- Stinging when you pee or during sex
Some people have no symptoms at all.
What causes it?
Candida normally lives in the vagina without causing problems, kept in check by healthy bacteria. Thrush happens when that balance shifts and the fungus grows too much. It thrives in warm, moist conditions, which is one reason it's common in hot, humid weather.
You're more likely to get thrush if you:
- Have recently taken antibiotics
- Have diabetes that isn't well controlled
- Are pregnant
- Have a weakened immune system
- Use hormone treatments such as HRT
- Have irritated skin from scented products, douching or tight, synthetic clothes
Thrush isn't classed as a sexually transmitted infection, though sex can sometimes trigger it.
Treatment
Thrush is treated with antifungal medicine, as:
- A pessary, a tablet you insert into the vagina
- A cream for itching around the vulva
- A tablet taken by mouth
Symptoms usually clear within 7 to 14 days. Partners don't need treatment unless they also have symptoms.
Pharmacy or doctor? If you've had thrush diagnosed before and recognise the symptoms, a pharmacist can help. Don't use pharmacy treatment more than twice in six months without advice. Antifungal creams can weaken condoms, so use another method of contraception during treatment.
See a doctor if
- It's the first time you've had these symptoms
- You're pregnant or breastfeeding
- You're under 16 or over 60
- Treatment hasn't worked
- You get thrush more than 4 times in 12 months
- You have diabetes or a weakened immune system
- Your discharge smells, is green or yellow, or you have sores or tummy pain, which may point to a different infection
How to prevent thrush
Do:
- Wash the area with plain water and dry it thoroughly
- Wear loose, cotton underwear
- Change out of sweaty gym clothes and wet swimwear quickly
- Change pads often during your period, so damp doesn't sit against your skin
- Keep blood sugar well controlled if you have diabetes
Don't:
- Use scented soaps, shower gels, sprays or wipes on the area
- Douche or wash inside the vagina
- Wear tight underwear, tights or synthetic fabrics for long periods
If you prefer a wash, choose a mild, fragrance-free intimate wash for the outside only. When you have symptoms, plain water is gentlest.
Thrush and your period
Some people notice thrush tends to flare just before their period. On period days, breathable protection helps: change pads regularly, or try a cotton-rich period panty, which doesn't trap moisture the way some pads can.
Frequently asked questions
Can thrush go away on its own? Mild thrush sometimes clears, but treatment is quick and effective, so it's better not to wait.
Can I use yoghurt or home remedies? There isn't good evidence that home remedies like yoghurt cure thrush, and putting things inside the vagina can cause irritation. Use proven antifungal treatment.
Can men get thrush? Yes, it can affect the penis too, causing redness and irritation. They only need treatment if they have symptoms.
Related reading
- Vaginal Itching Before Your Period: Causes and Relief
- Vaginal Infections: Signs, Causes and How to Prevent Them
- Normal Vaginal Discharge: What to Expect Through the Month
This article is for general information and doesn't replace advice from your doctor.
Sources: NHS: Thrush